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Tibetisches Glossar Buddhistischer Fachbegriffe
Dieses Glossar enthält bislang nur einen Teil der Fachbegriffe, die auf unserer Webseite verwendet werden. Mit weiterem Fortschreiten der Arbeit am Glossar werden wir weitere Begriffe hinzugefügen. Die Definitionen liegen bislang noch nicht in der deutschen Übersetzung vor, wir haben daher in diese Fassung des Glossars die englischen Definitionen aufgenommen.
Nur für einige ausgewählte tibetische Begriffe wurden auch die Entsprechungen des Sanskrit aufgenommen, außerdem wurden die diakritischen Zeichen für die Transliteration des Sanskrit weggelassen, um eine Anzeige in allen Browsern zu ermöglichen.
Wählen Sie einen der folgenden Buchstaben. Es werden dann alle Glossareinträge mit diesem Anfangsbuchstaben angezeigt:
' A B C D G K L M N P R S T Y Z alles
| Tibetisch | Deutsch | Englisch | Sanskrit / Pali | Definition (Teilweise Englisch) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dad-pa | Glauben, dass eine Tatsache wahr ist | believing a fact to be true | Skt.: shraddha | A constructive emotion that focuses on something existent and validly knowable, something with good qualities, or an actual potential, and considers it either existent or true, or considers a fact about it as true. Some translators render the term as "faith." |
| dag-pa'i snang-ba | reine Erscheinung | pure appearance | An appearance of something as an enlightened mind makes it appear, namely in the form of a Buddha-figure or mandala and devoid of any of the four extremes of impossible existence. | |
| dal-ba | Ruhepause | respite | Ein vorübergehende Pause oder Unterbrechung von einem Zustand, in dem man keine Muße für Dharmapraxis hat, wie beispielsweise in den üblen Wiedergeburtszuständen. Einige Übersetzer geben den Begriff als "Freiheit" wieder. | |
| dam-pa | heilig | hallowed | Pure and worthy of the highest respect; sacred. | |
| dam-rdzas | bindende Substanzen | bonding substances | Substanzen wie beispielsweise Alkohol und Fleisch, die während eines tantrischen Rituals gereinigt, umgewandelt und gesegnet werden und dann einer Buddha-Gestalt dargebracht werden, um eine enge Bindung (nahe Beziehung) mit dieser Gestalt beizubehalten, so wie man es versprochen hat. | |
| dam-tshig | bindende Praktik | bonding practice | Skt.: samaya | Eine bindende Praktik bezeichnet eine Verhaltensweise oder ein Geisteszustand, mit der man, wenn man sich in dieser Verhaltensweise übt oder sich an diesen Geisteszustand gewöhnt, eine enge Bindung zu einem bestimmten Tantra oder einem bestimmten spirituellen Meister aufrechterhält. Die bindende Praktik wird auch als eng bindende Praktik oder enge Bindung bezeichnet. |
| dangs-ba'i dad-pa | mit klarem Kopf daran glauben, dass eine Tatsache wahr ist | clearheadedly believing a fact to be true | See: clearheaded belief in a fact | |
| dbang | Ermächtigung | empowerment | Skt.: abhishekha | A tantric ritual that activates and empowers Buddha-nature factors to grow so that, through repeated, sustained tantric practice, they will eventually transform into the Three Corpuses (Bodies) of a Buddha. An empowerment also plants new seeds, or potentials, that will likewise grow in the same manner. The term is often translated as "initiation." |
| dbang-'byor-pa'i gzugs | Formen physischer Phänomene, die dadurch entstehen, dass man Kontrolle über die Elemente erlangt | forms of physical phenomena arising from gaining control over the elements | Forms of physical phenomena included only among the cognitive stimulators that are all phenomena and which are actually emanated by the power of absorbed concentration. | |
| dbang bzhi-pa | vierte Ermächtigung | fourth empowerment | Also called: word empowerment (tshig-dbang) | |
| dbang-po | Sensor der Wahrnehmung | cognitive sensor | Skt.: indriya | Der Sensor der Wahrnehmung ist die dominierende Bedingung, die bestimmt, welcher Art der Wahrnehmung die Art und Weise des Gewahrseins von etwas ist. Im Falle der fünf Arten sinnlicher Wahrnehmung bezieht sich das auf die lichtempfindlichen Zellen in den Augen, die geräuschempfindlichen Zellen der Ohren, die geruchsempfindlichen Zellen der Nase, die geschmacksempfindlichen Zellen der Zunge und auf die für körperliche Empfindungen empfindlichen Zellen des Körpers. Im Falle der geistigen Wahrnehmung bezieht sich der Sensor der Wahrnehmung auf den unmittelbar vorhergehenden Augenblick der Wahrnehmung. Einige Übersetzer übertragen den Begriff Sensoren der Wahrnehmung mit "Sinnesorgane", "körperliche und geistige Fähigkeiten", "Sinneskräfte" oder "Sinnesausstattungen". |
| dbu-ma | Madhyamaka | Madhyamaka | A Mahayana school of Indian Buddhism that does not assert the true existence of anything. One of the four Indian Buddhist tenet systems studied by all traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. | |
| dbus-gnas-nyid | ausgewogen / ausgewogener Geist | even-minded | Skt.: madhyasthata | A tranquil state of mind that stays in the middle with regard to being either happy or unhappy, in all circumstances, such as when meeting with or parting from friends. Literally, "a state of standing in the middle." |
| dbyangs-kyis bsnyad-pa | wohlklingende Verse | melodic verses | Skt.: geya | One of the twelve scriptural categories. (1) Verses that Buddha uttered during the course of and at the conclusion of his sutras. (2) According to some explanations, scriptures of interpretable meaning. |
| dbyer-med | untrennbar | inseparable | Two facts about the same attribute of an object are inseparable if, when one is the case, so is the other. The two facts may inseparably both be the case either naturally or made to be so through the power of meditation. | |
| dbyings | kognitive Sphäre | cognitive sphere | Skt.: dhatu | Rigpa (reines Gewahrsein) aus dem Blickwinkel seiner essentiellen Natur. Die essentielle Natur liegt dem Entstehen von Erscheinungen und dem Wahrnehmen der Erscheinungen zugrunde und gestattet, dass diese Erscheinungen entstehen und wahrgenommen werden, wobei das Entstehen der Erscheinungen mehr im Vordergrund steht. Der Begriff und "kognitiver Sphäre" ist gleichbedeutend mit "Essenz-Rigpa" und "kognitiver offener Raum" |
| de-bzhin gshegs-pa | So-Gegangener | Thusly Gone One | Skt.: tathagata | A epithet of a Buddha -- one who has gone to the goal of enlightenment through nonconceptual cognition of voidness, the very nature of reality (thusness). |
| de-bzhin-nyid | übereinstimmende Natur | accordant nature | Skt.: tathata | Ein Synonym für Leerheit. Einige Übersetzer geben den Begriff mit "Soheit" wieder. |
| de-kho-na-nyid | eigentliche Natur der Realität | very nature of reality | Skt.: tattvam | A synonym for voidness (emptiness). Some translators render the term as "thusness." |
| de-kho-na-nyid mchod-pa | Gabe / Opfer der ureigensten Natur der Realität | offering of the very nature of reality | Offering of a nonconceptual cognition of voidness with a blissful awareness or of one's nonconceptual blissful cognition of voidness together with one's appearance as an illusory body. | |
| de-lta-bu byung-ba | Erzählungen aus alter Zeit | ancient narratives | Skt.: itivrttika | Stories from ancient times that Buddha told. One of the twelve scriptural categories. |
| de-ma-thag rkyen | unmittelbar vorausgehende Bedingung | immediately preceding condition | Skt.: samanantarapratyaya | The immediately preceding moment of awareness, which produces the appearance-making and cognizing (clarity and awareness) of the next moment of awareness as its result. |
| de-nyid | wie die Dinge sind (Soheit) | how things are | Also called: thusness. | |
| dgag-pa | Negierungs-Phänomen | negation phenomenon | An item, or a truth about an item, defined in terms of the exclusion of something else, in which an object to be negated is explicitly precluded by the conceptual cognition that cognizes the phenomenon. Also translated as: "negation," "nullification," "refutation." | |
| dge-'dun | Sangha | Sangha | Skt.: sangha | The literal meaning of the Sanskrit term is a "community"; the literal meaning of the Tibetan translation is "those intent on a constructive goal." Four or more people from any of the four groups of the monastic community: full or novice monks or nuns - the four need not necessarily be all from one group or one from each group - and who have unlabored renunciation and are intent on ridding themselves of disturbing emotions and attitudes and thus attaining liberation. |
| dge-ba | konstruktiv | constructive | Skt.: kushala | Als konstruktiv wird ein Geisteszustand beschrieben, bzw. werden körperliche, sprachliche oder geistige Handlungen bezeichnet, die von einer solchen konstruktiven Geisteshaltung motiviert sind, die in Form von Glück im geistigen Kontinuum der Person heranreifen, in der sie auftreten. Der der Begriff keinen Beiklang von moralischer Wertung besitzt, ist die Übersetzung des Begriffes mit dem Wort "tugendhaft" oder "tugendsam" irreführend. |
| dge-ba'i bshes-gnyen | spiritueller Mentor | spiritual mentor | Skt.: kalyanamitra | A Buddhist teacher who has had stable realizations, who embodies the teachings in the sense of having integrated them into his or her life, and who confers vows on disciples. |
| dge-ba'i rtsa-ba | Wurzel positiver Kräfte | roots of positive force | The network of positive force (collection of merit), described from the point of view of it serving as the "root" for one to grow into a Buddha. | |
| dge-bshes | Geshe | geshe | Skt.: kalyanamitra | (1) In the Kadam tradition, a title given to a spiritual mentor and friend, especially those that are masters of attitude-training (lojong). (2) In the Gelug tradition, a title given to those who have completed the monastic education system. |
| dGe-lugs | Gelug | Gelug | One of the New Translation traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, deriving from the reforms made by Tsongkhapa. | |
| dge-rtsa | Wurzeln konstruktiver Kraft | roots of constructive force | See: roots of positive force | |
| dgra-bcom-pa | Arhat | arhat | Skt.: arhat | Ein Arhat ist ein Praktizierender der zur Klasse der Shravakas, Pratyekabuddhas und Bodhisattvas gehört, und der eine wahre Beendigung der emotionalen Schleier erreicht hat und auf diese Weise die Befreiung (Nirwana) erlangt hat. Ein Arhat wird auch als "befreites Wesen" bezeichnet. Einige Übersetzer übertragen den Begriff mit "Feindzerstörer". |
| dkar-po chig-thub | alleinig ausreichendes weißes Allheilmittel | singular sufficient white panacea | Also called: all-curing single white epanacea, single white remedy, self-sufficient white remedy | |
| dkon-mchog gsum | Drei Seltene und Überragende Kleinodien | Three Rare and Supreme Gems | Skt.: triratna | The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. Also called "The Three Gems," "The Triple Gem," "The Three Jewels," and "The Three Jewels of Refuge." |
| dkon-mchog-gsum-la skyabs-su-'gro | sichere Richtung zu den Drei Juwelen einschlagen | take safe direction from the Three Gems | To turn toward the direction indicated by the Three Rare and Supreme Gems (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha) and to put that safe direction in one's life. Some translators render this as "go for refuge to the Three Gems." | |
| dkyil- 'khor | Mandala | mandala | Skt.: mandala | In general, a round symbol used to represent a meaning. Most often used to represent a world system. |
| dmigs-med | ohne Ausrichtung auf ein Bezugsobjekt | without a referent aim | A state of mind, such as immeasurable compassion, that lacks focus on the three circles ('khor-gsum) involved -- the action itself (in the case of compassion, wishing all beings to be free from suffering), the object, and the agent -- existing in an impossible way. Also translated as: unaimed. | |
| dmigs-rkyen | fokale Bedingung | focal condition | Skt.: alambanapratyaya | An external phenomenon that presents an aspect of itself to be an object of cognition, and thus serves as a condition giving rise to a sensory cognition of it. |
| dmigs-yul | Objekt der Ausrichtung / Ausrichtungsobjekt | focal object | An external object on which a cognition focuses and which serves as the focal condition of the cognition. Focal objects exist prior to the cognitions of them and have their own continuums different from those of the cognitions of them. | |
| dngos-'gal | Dichotomie | dichotomy | Two mutually exclusive sets form a dichotomy if all existent phenomena must be a member of either one or the other mutually exclusive set. | |
| dngos-grub | verwirklichte Errungenschaft / verwirklichte Erlangung | actual attainment | Skt.: siddhi | Ein bedeutsames spirituelles Ziel, dass man tatsächlich erlangt hat oder wörtlich, das man in seinem eigenen geistigen Kontinuum wirklich "gemacht hat" oder "real gemacht" [effektiv gemacht] hat. Die gewöhnlichen verwirklichten Errungenschaften beziehen sich auf außersinnliche und außerphysische Kräfte, wohingegen sich die höchsten [überragenden] verwirklichten Errungenschaften auf die Erleuchtung beziehen. |
| dngos-gzhi | wirklicher Zustand | actual state | The full definitional state of something, such as one of levels of mental constancy. | |
| dngos-med | nichtwirksames Phänomen / unwirksames Phänomen | nonfunctional phenomenon | (1) An validly knowable, existent object that does not perform a function -- in other words, it does not produce a result -- namely, a static phenomenon. (2) A nonexistent object, such as an impossible way of existing. | |
| dngos-po | wirksames Phänomen | functional phenomenon | (1) A validly knowable, existent object that performs a function -- in other words, it produces a result -- namely, a nonstatic phenomenon. (2) In the Vaibhashika system, all validly knowable, existent phenomenon, all of which at least perform the function of acting as an object for the valid cognition of them. | |
| dngos-po brgyad | acht Gruppen von Verwirklichungen | eight sets of realizations | also translated as: eight phenomena. | |
| dngos-rgyu | direkte Ursache | direct cause | The phenomenon that actually produces its result, without need for any intermediary -- for example, a visible object is the direct cause for the seeing of it. | |
| dngos-su rtogs-pa | explizites Begreifen | explicit apprehension | In the Gelug system, apprehension of a cognitive object in which a cognitive appearance (mental hologram) of the involved object of the cognition arises. Compare: implicit apprehension. | |
| dngos-su shes-pa | direkte Wahrnehmung | direct cognition | According to the non-Gelug presentation, the type of cognition that a present moment of sensory consciousness has of the present moment of a mental aspect (mental hologram) of the immediately preceding moment of an external sense object. Compare: indirect cognition. | |
| don-dam bden-pa | tiefste Wahrheit | deepest truth | Skt.: paramartha | In the Mahayana tenet systems, a true fact about a phenomenon that is veiled or concealed by a more superficial true fact about the same phenomenon. Some translators render this term as "ultimate truth." |
| don-dam-pa | tiefste Ebene | deepest level | The level of some phenomenon that is veiled or concealed by something more superficial about that phenomenon. Sometimes translated as "ultimate level" or "deepest ultimate level." | |
| don-dam-pa'i byang-chub-gyi sems | tiefstes Bodhichitta | deepest bodhichitta | The deep awareness that has nonconceptual cognition of voidness. | |
| don-dam-pa'i chos dkon-mchog | tiefstes Dharmajuwel | deepest Dharma Gem | The true stoppings and true pathway minds on the mental continuum of an arya, whether a layperson or a monastic, as a source of safe direction (refuge). | |
| don-dam-pa'i dge-'dun dkon-mchog | tiefstes Sanghajuwel | deepest Sangha Gem | The true stoppings and true pathway minds on the mental continuum of an arya, whether a layperson or monastic, as a source of safe direction (refuge). | |
| don-dam-pa'i dkon-mchog | tiefste Ebene der kostbaren Juwelen | deepest level Precious Gems | The level of the Three Rare and Supreme Gems that are concealed by the apparent level gems. | |
| don-dam-pa'i sangs-rgyas dkon-mchog | tiefstes Buddhajuwel | deepest Buddha Gem | A Buddha's Dharmakaya as a source of safe direction (refuge). | |
| don-gyi 'od-gsal | tatsächlicher Geist des klaren Lichts | actual clear light mind | Eine subtilste Ebene von Bewusstsein, die eine nicht-konzeptuelle, glückselige Wahrnehmung von Leerheit hat. | |
| don-spyi | bedeutungsbezogene Kategorie | meaning category | The conceptual category into which fit all significances (meanings) of an audio category. | |
| don-spyi | Bedeutungs-Kategorie /Objekt-Kategorie | meaning/object category | The conceptual category into which fit all items to which an audio category refers. These items are also what the audio category signifies (means). | |
| don-spyi | Objekt-Kategorie | object category | The conceptual category into which fit all items to which an audio category refer. | |
| don-spyi | geistige Objektsynthese | object mental synthesis | (1) The conceptual category of a commonsense object, such as a table, used when thinking of, verbalizing, imagining (visualizing), or remembering a commonsense object. (2) A specific commonsense object as a conceptual category into which fit all moments of anyone's mental or sensory cognition of any amount of parts of any of its sensibilia. | |
| dpa'-bo | Vira (spirituelle Helden) | vira | (spiritual hero) | |
| dpa'-mo | Virini (spirituelle Heldinnen) | virini | (spiritual heroine) | |
| dpe'i 'od-gsal | Vorbild eines Geistes des klaren Lichts | model clear light mind | Das Vorbild eines Geistes des klaren Lichts ist eine subtile Ebene des Bewusstseins, die eine glückselige konzeptuelle Wahrnehmung von Leerheit besitzt, die erlangt wird, wenn die subtilen Energie-Winde zum Teil im zentralen Kanal aufgelöst worden sind. Der Begriff wird auch als "annähernder Geist des klaren Lichts" übersetzt. | |
| dpyad-sgom | klar erkennende Meditation | discerning meditation | A method for habituating oneself to an insight, understanding, or state of mind, with which one focuses on an object and generates the desired insight, understanding, or state of mind about it, through using the mental factors of gross detection (investigation) and subtle discernment (scrutiny). The method may also entail applying a line reasoning that one has already understood and become convinced of its validity. Many translators render the term as "analytical meditation." | |
| dpyod-pa | subtile Unterscheidungsfähigkeit | subtle discernment | A subsidiary awareness (mental factor) that actively understands the fine details of the nature of something, having scrutinized them thoroughly. It does not imply verbal thinking, although it may be induced by verbally thinking. According to Asanga, one of the four changeable subsidiary awarenesses. Also translated as "scrutiny," "analysis." and "discerning analysis." | |
| drag-po | extrem kraftvoll | forceful | Using extremely strong actions or methods, such as yelling at someone or hitting someone, in order to make the person stop doing something harmful. Forceful methods are used only when all other methods to make the person stop have failed or are impossible in the situation. Some translators render the term as "wrathful," but this has an inappropriate connotation, since "wrathful," in English, is used for the Old Testament God, who, when people disobey Him, gets angry and punishes them. | |
| drang-don | explizit hinweisende Bedeutung | explicit suggestive meaning | Skt.: nityartha | One of the six alternative meanings. When an expression in a root tantra text has two dissimilar meanings, the literal, evident, or face value meaning of the expression. It suggests or leads one on to the second meaning (the implicit suggested meaning), which is dissimilar to what is actually said on face value. |
| drang-don | auslegbare Lehre / interpretierbare Lehre | interpretable teaching | Skt.: nityartha | A passage in a sutra text that discusses any topic other than the most profound view of voidness, and which leads one on or points the way to the most profound view of voidness. Such passages require explanation, so that one does not confuse them as indicating the most profound view. |
| dran-pa | Vergegenwärtigung | mindfulness | Skt.: smrti | (1) The subsidiary awareness (mental factor), similar to a mental glue, that keeps a mental hold on a cognitive object, so that it is not lost. (2) The recollection of something, with which the mind keeps a mental hold on a mental hologram that resembles and represents something previously cognized. The term is often rendered as "memory" or "remembering," but has nothing to do with the recording or storage of mental information. |
| dran-pa nyer-bzhag bzhi | vier feste Ausrichtungen der Vergegenwärtigung | four close placements of mindfulness | Skt.: smrtyupasthana | Meditation practices that focus on (a) the body, (b) feelings of levels of happiness, (c) mind, and (d) phenomena, with the subsidiary awarenesses (mental factors) of mindfulness ("mental glue") and attention to them with a certain understanding. (1) In Theravada, one is attentive to (a) the breath as affecting the body, (b) feelings of levels of happiness and unhappiness as affecting the mind, (c) disturbing emotions as affecting the thoughts, and (d) the nature of the previous three as being nonstatic and lacking an impossible "soul." (2) In Mahayana, one is attentive to (a) the body as unclean and true suffering, (b) feelings of levels of happiness as in the nature of suffering, and clinging to them as a true cause of suffering, (c) the six kinds of primary consciousness as naturally free of all stains, so as to understand true stoppings, and (d) all mental factors in terms of which to get rid of and which to cultivate, so as to understand true pathway minds. |
| dri-ma | Fleck / Makel | stain | Something that obscures the Buddha-nature factors, preventing them from being fully realized. | |
| drin | Güte / gütige Handlung | kindness | A beneficial action that is of help to others. | |
| drin-dran | Güte erinnern | remembering kindness | Remembering the kindness of motherly love, remembering all the beneficial things that all beings have shown us when they were our mothers. The second of the six part cause and effect quintessence teaching for developing bodhichitta. | |
| drin-gso | Güte zurückgeben | repaying kindness | Appreciating the beneficial things that all beings have shown us when they were our mothers and wishing to benefit them in return. The third of the seven part cause and effect quintessence teaching for developing bodhichitta. | |
| dus | Zeit | time | Skt.: kala | An interval imputed or measured in the continuum of the occurrence of a sequence of cause and effect. Since time is conceptually imputable, time is a function of and therefore relative to the mind that conceptually imputes it. |
| dus-kyi kun-slong | gleichzeitig motivierendes Ziel / stattfindendes motivierendes Ziel | contemporaneous motivating aim | The motivating aim or intention that accompanies the impulse to start and to continue an action. | |
| dvang-ba'i dad-pa | besonnener Glaube an Tatsachen | clearheaded belief in a fact | Eine konstruktive Emotion, die sich über eine Tatsache im Klaren ist und wie ein Wasserreiniger den Geist von störenden Emotionen und Geisteshaltungen reinigt, die er in Bezug auf ein Objekt besitzt. | |
| dvangs | Lichtheit | lucidity | A quality of a well-concentrated mind with which the mind remains fresh in each moment. |