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Deutsches Glossar Buddhistischer Fachbegriffe
Dieses Glossar enthält bislang nur einen Teil der Fachbegriffe, die auf unserer Webseite verwendet werden. Mit weiterem Fortschreiten der Arbeit am Glossar werden wir weitere Begriffe hinzugefügen. Die Definitionen liegen bislang noch nicht in der deutschen Übersetzung vor, wir haben daher in diese Fassung des Glossars die englischen Definitionen aufgenommen.
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A Ä B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T Ü U V W Y Z alles
| Deutsch | Englisch | Definition (Englisch) | Tibetisch | Sanskrit (Pali) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadam-Schule | Kadam | One of the New Translation Period traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, deriving from Atisha's visit to Tibet. After its branches were merged and reformed, it continued as the Gelug tradition. | bKa'-gdams | |
| Kagyü | Kagyu | One of the New Translation Period traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. It has two branches, Shangpa Kagyu deriving from Kyungpo Neljor and Dagpo Kagyu deriving from the line Naropa, Marpa, Milarepa, and Gampopa. | bKa'-brgyud | |
| Kama | Kama | The god of desire in Hindu mythology. | 'dod-pa'i lha | |
| Kangyur | Kangyur | The collection of the Tibetan translations of the enlightening words of the Buddha. | bKa'-'gyur | |
| Kanjur | Kanjur | See: Kangyur. | ||
| Karma | karma | (1) In all Tibetan Buddhist systems except Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika, equivalent to a subcategory of the mental factor (subsidiary awareness), an urge. It is the mental factor that brings the mind in the direction of a specific physical, verbal, or mental action. (2) In the Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika, with respect to mental karmic actions, it is the mental factor of the urge that brings the mind in the direction of that action. With respect to physical or verbal karmic actions, it is (a) the revealing form of the physical impulse of the physical action or the sound of the words of the verbal action, plus (b) the nonrevealing form of the subtle invisible "vibration" of the action, which continues during and after the action. Some translators render the term "karma" as "action." (3) A general term used loosely for behavioral cause and effect. Also called: karmic impulse. | las | karma |
| karmische Energie | karmic energy | A general term for both positive and negative karmic energy. A constructive or destructive phenomenon that is the first phase of the karmic force of a karmic action.(1) In all Tibetan Buddhist systems except Vaibhashika and the Gelug Prasangika presentation, it is equivalent to the karmic action itself, from the point of view of what will ripen into a result intermittently. (2) In the Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika systems, this is the case only regarding mental karmic actions. With regard to physical and verbal karmic actions, it is equivalent to the karma of the action -- both its revealing and nonrevealing forms. | ||
| karmische Gewohnheit | karmic habit | A synonym for "karmic latency." | bag-chags | vasana |
| karmische Handlung | karmic action | A physical, verbal, or mental action brought on by and sustained by a karmic impulse. | ||
| karmische Hinterlassenschaft | karmic aftermath | A general, nontechnical term for everything left over on someone's mental continuum as a consequence of having committed a karmic action. It includes karmic potentials, a network of karmic force, karmic tendencies, and karmic constant habits. According to the Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika tenet systems, also included, for physical and verbal actions, is a second phase of subtle karmic energy. | ||
| karmische Kraft | karmic force | A general term for both positive and negative karmic force -- the type of karmic aftermath that is either a constructive or destructive phenomenon and which will ripen into a result intermittently. (1) In all Tibetan Buddhist systems except Vaibhashika and the Gelug Prasangika presentation, it has two phases (a) the karmic energy, referring to the karmic action itself, and (b) the karmic potential, which is the karmic force that has taken on the essential nature of a karmic tendency (karmic seed). (2) In the Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika system, this is the case only regarding mental karmic actions. With regard to physical and verbal karmic actions, the karma of the action -- both its revealing and nonrevealing forms, as well as the karmic force that has taken on the essential nature of a karmic tendency. | ||
| karmische Kraft, die die essentielle Natur angenommen hat, eine karmischen Tendenz zu sein | karmic force that has taken on the essential nature of a karmic tendency | A synonym for "karmic potential." | sa-bon-gyi ngo-bor gyur-ba | |
| karmische Kraft, negative | karmic force, negative | See: negative karmic force. | ||
| karmische Kraft, positive | karmic force, positive | See: positive karmic force. | ||
| karmische Latenz | karmic latency | A general term for all karmic aftermath -- namely, karmic potentials, karmic tendencies, and karmic constant habits. | bag-chags | vasana |
| karmischer Impuls | karmic impulse | See: karma. | ||
| karmischer Impuls, der eine weitere Existenz realisiert | karmic impulse for further existence | A karmic impulse that activates the karmic aftermath of throwing karma just before one dies, thus enabling the aftermath to ripen into a next rebirth. Abbreviated as "further existence." | yang-srid sgrub-pa'i las | |
| karmisches Potenzial | karmic potential | A general term for either positive or negative karmic potential. The phase of a karmic force that is a type of either constructive or destructive karmic aftermath, imputable as a noncongruent affecting variable on one's mental continuum after having committed a karmic action and which ripens into a result intermittently. (1) In all Tibetan Buddhist systems except Vaibhashika and the Gelug Prasangika presentation, it follows immediately after the karmic action ceases. (2) In the Vaibhashika and Gelug Prasangika systems, this is the case only with mental karmic actions. In the case of physical and verbal karmic actions, it is the phase of karmic force that follows immediately after the nonrevealing form of the action ceases. | ||
| karmische ständige Gewohnheit | karmic constant habit | A type of karmic aftermath, imputable on one's mental continuum as an unspecified (ethically neutral) noncongruent affecting variable after having committed a karmic action, and which ripens into a result every moment until a true stopping of it has been achieved. Some translators render it as "habit" or "instinct." | bag-chags | vasana |
| karmisches Vermächtnis | karmic legacy | A general term for all karmic aftermath that ripen into a result intermittently -- namely, karmic potentials and karmic tendencies. | sa-bon | bija |
| karmische Tendenz | karmic tendency | A type of karmic aftermath that is ethically neutral (unspecified as being either constructive or destructive), which is imputable on one's mental continuum after having committed a karmic action, and which ripens into a result only intermittently. Literally, a "karmic seed." | sa-bon | bija |
| karmische Winde | winds of karma | In the Kalachakra system, the subtle energy-winds that carry the impulses of karma -- either the karmic impulses that draw one into actions or the karmic impulses with which one carries out physical or verbal actions. | las-kyi rlung | |
| Kategorie / Klasse / Gruppe / Gattung | category | A phenomenon shared in common by the individuals on which it is imputed. Some translators render the term as "universal" or "generality." For a fuller definition, see: conceptual category. | spyi | |
| kausale Glieder, die realisieren | causal links that actualize | In the twelve links of dependent arising, the three links of craving, an obtainer, and further existence, which activate the karmic aftermath of throwing karma in the moments preceding death so that the karmic results will actualize. Thus, they serve as the simultaneously acting conditions for the aggregates of a next rebirth. | bsgrub-byed-kyi yan-lag | |
| kausale Glieder, die werfen | causal links that throw | In the twelve links of dependent arising, the two and a half links of unawareness, affecting impulses, and causal loaded consciousness, which describe the process through which throwing karma is built up and its karmic aftermath is "planted" on a mental continuum as the cause for a next rebirth. | 'phen-byed-kyi yan-lag | |
| kausales motivierendes Ziel | causal motivating aim | What someone intends or aims to do just before starting to do something and which causes the person to do it. | rgyu'i kun-slong | |
| Kaya | kaya | See: Corpus of a Buddha. | ||
| Klammergeist [Hungergeist] | clutching ghost | One of the three worse rebirth states, characterized by the suffering of being unable to satisfy basic needs, such as hunger and thirst, and caused primarily by miserliness. Translated by most others as "hungry ghost," which is a literal rendering of the Chinese translation for the term, adopted by the Chinese in reference to the spirits of departed ancestors that suffered when not presented with regular offerings of food. | yi-dags | preta |
| Klang-Allgemeines | sound universal | See: audio category. | ||
| klaren Lichts, Gewahrsein des | awareness, clear light | See: clear light awareness. | ||
| klar erkennende Analyse | discerning analysis | See: subtle discernment. | ||
| klar erkennende Meditation | discerning meditation | A method for habituating oneself to an insight, understanding, or state of mind, with which one focuses on an object and generates the desired insight, understanding, or state of mind about it, through using the mental factors of gross detection (investigation) and subtle discernment (scrutiny). The method may also entail applying a line reasoning that one has already understood and become convinced of its validity. Many translators render the term as "analytical meditation." | dpyad-sgom | |
| klares Licht, objekthaftes | clear light, object | See: object clear light. | ||
| Klarheit | clarity | As a defining characteristic of mind, the ability, mental activity, or event of making cognitive objects arise -- or giving rise to cognitive objects -- so that they can be cognized. According to the Gelug tradition, a mental hologram of the cognitive object need not even arise in the cognition, since the object may be implicitly cognized. Clarity is not some sort of light in one's head that has varying intensity and illuminates objects that are already present. Nor does it have anything to do with an object of cognition being in focus or being understood. Moreover, giving rise to a cognitive object has no implication of passivity or lack of responsibility on the one hand, or conscious will on the other. As an event, clarity just naturally happens every moment of every mental continuum. | gsal | |
| klar und scharf | in focus | The appearance of something as being sharp and clear, not blurry. | gsal-ba | |
| klebrige Anhaftung | sticky attachment | The disturbing emotion that exaggerates the good qualities of an object that one possesses, that clings to it like glue, and does not wish to let go. | chags-pa | sneha |
| Kleines Fahrzeug | Lesser Vehicle | See: Hinayana. | ||
| Klesha | klesha | See: disturbing emotion or attitude. | ||
| kognitiv aufnehmen (eines Objektes) | cognitively taking an object | Cognizing an object - taking a validly knowable phenomenon as an object of cognition in the sense of cognizing it with either a valid or invalid way of knowing. | 'dzin-pa | graha |
| kognitiv aufzunehmen, Art ein Objekt | cognitively taking an object, way of | See: way of cognitively taking an object | ||
| kognitive Anreger, die Anblicke sind | cognitive stimulators that are sights | Forms of physical phenomena that may be cognized by either visual or mental consciousness. | gzugs-kyi skye-mched | |
| kognitive Erscheinung | cognitive appearance | See: appearance. | ||
| kognitiver Anreger / Anreger der Wahrnehmung | cognitive stimulator | See: stimulators of cognition. | ||
| kognitiver offener Raum | cognitive open space | Rigpa (pure awareness) from the point of view of its essential nature as that which underlies and allows for the arising of appearances and the cognizing of them, with the latter being more prominent. Synonymous with essence rigpa and the cognitive sphere. | klong | |
| kognitiver Raum | cognitive space | See: cognitive open space. | ||
| kognitive Schleier | cognitive obscurations | Fleeting stains that temporarily "cover" or accompany mental activity (more precisely, clear light mental activity), thereby preventing the mental activity from simultaneously cognizing the two truths about all phenomena. Also translated as "obscurations about all knowables" and "obscurations preventing omniscience." | shes-sgrib | jneyavarana |
| kognitives Entstehen | cognitive arising | A cognitive appearance that has arisen on a mental continuum. | snang-ba | |
| kognitive Sphäre | cognitive sphere | Rigpa (pure awareness) from the point of view of its essential nature as that which underlies and allows for the arising of appearances and the cognizing of them, with the latter being more prominent. Synonymous with essence rigpa and the cognitive open space. | dbyings | dhatu |
| kognitives Sichbefassen | cognitive engagement | A manner of cognizing an object. | 'jug-pa | |
| kongruent | congruent | The relationship between ways of being aware of something in the same cognition, in which two or more of these ways share five things in common. Compare: congruent affecting variables. | mtshungs-ldan | |
| kongruente beinflussende Variablen teilen | sharing five congruent factors | Subsidiary awarenesses (mental factors) that share five things in common with the primary consciousness of the cognition in which they occur. (1) According to Vasubandhu: reliance, object, mental aspect, time, and natal source. (2) According to Asanga: natal source, focal aspect, essential nature, time, and plane and bhumi-level of mind. | mtshungs-ldan lnga | |
| konstruktiv | constructive | States of mind, or physical, verbal, or mental actions motivated by them, which ripen into happiness to be experienced by the person on whose mental continuum they occur. Since the term carries no connotation of moral judgment, the translation "virtuous" is misleading for this term. | dge-ba | kushala |
| Kontaktbewusstsein | contacting awareness | The subsidiary awareness (mental factor) that differentiates that the object of a cognition is pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral, and thus serves as the foundation for experiencing it with a feeling of happiness, unhappiness, or a neutral feeling. | reg-pa | sparsha |
| Kontinuum, geistiges | continuum, mental | See: mental continuum. | ||
| Konvention | convention | A word or phrase, agreed upon by a society or an individual, and used in speech and thought to refer to something. | tha-snyad | vyavahara |
| konventionelles allgemein verständliches Objekt | conventional commonsense object | Literally: conventional objects that one actually experiences when one cognizes them. An object of ordinary experience to which a word or concept refers, and which endures over time and extends over the sensibilia of one or more senses. | tha-snyad spyod-yul | |
| konventionelles Bodhichitta | conventional bodhichitta | A mind or heart focused first on the benefit of all limited beings and then on one's own individual not-yet-happening enlightenment, imputable on the basis of the Buddha-nature factors of one's mental continuum, with the intention to attain that enlightenment and to benefit others by means of that attainment. | kun-rdzob-gyi byang-chub-gyi sems | |
| konventionelles Objekt der Erfahrung | conventional object of experience | See: conventional common sense object. | ||
| konventionelles wahres Phänomen | conventional true phenomenon | See: superficial true phenomenon. | ||
| konventionelle Wahrheit | conventional truth | See: superficial truth. | ||
| Konzentration | concentration | See: mental fixation. | ||
| Konzentration, tiefe | concentration, absorbed | See: absorbed concentration. | ||
| Konzept | concept | A general term for a universal, a category, or a mental label. A concept of something need not be verbal. For example, one has a concept of what a pretty face looks like, what one's mother looks like, what a good soup tastes like, what a properly tuned guitar sounds like, what a valid line of reasoning is, what one plus one equals, and so on. | rtog-pa | |
| konzeptuell | conceptual | Together with a concept. | rtog-bcas | |
| konzeptuell anklammern | conceptually cling | In the context of a conceptual cognition, a category's implying an actual object that corresponds to it, as if the category were attached to that "conceptually implied object." Also translated as "conceptually imply." | zhen-pa | |
| konzeptuell darauf schließen lassen / konzeptuell implizieren | conceptually imply | See: conceptually cling. | ||
| konzeptuelle Kategorie | conceptual category | (1) A general term for both audio categories and meaning/object categories. Some translators render the term as "universal" or "generality." (2) A set to which individual items sharing a common defining characteristic belong. It is mentally constructed (mentally fabricated) by a mental synthesis of individual items that are instances of it, or by a mental synthesis of the spatial, sensorial, and/or temporal parts on which it is imputed (labeled). Sometimes translated as "mental synthesis" or just "synthesis." | spyi | |
| konzeptuell Erfassen | conceptualization | The process whereby one cognizes objects conceptually. | ||
| konzeptuell erfasstes Objekt | conceptualized object | The object about which a conceptual cognition gives rise to a universal, a category, or a mental label through which to think of it. Literally, the object on which a concept clings. Also called: implied object or conceptually implied object. | zhen-yul | |
| konzeptueller Gedanke | conceptual thought | See: conceptual cognition. | ||
| konzeptuelle Wahrnehmung | conceptual cognition | The cognition of an object through the medium of a metaphysical entity, namely a universal, a category, or a mental label. Conceptual cognition imputes (mentally labels) a metaphysical entity on the object that the mental aspect it assumes resembles, and mixes and confuses the two. | rtog-pa | |
| konzeptuell implizieren / konzeptuell darauf schließen lassen | imply, conceptually | See: conceptually cling. | ||
| konzeptuell impliziertes Objekt | conceptually implied object | See: conceptualized object. | ||
| konzeptuell isoliertes Element | conceptually isolated item | The type of “nothing-other-than” that arises in conceptual cognition and which represents the actual involved objects of the conceptual cognition. They are static phenomena, equivalent to conceptual representations. (1) According to Gelug, they are fully transparent static phenomena that are different from semitransparent conceptual categories. Equivalent to “items conceptually isolated by themselves” and “items conceptually isolated by categories.” Also called "distinguishers" or "isolates."(2) Accordant non-Gelug, they are equivalent to semitransparent conceptual categories. | ldog-pa | |
| Körper, Regenbogen- | body, rainbow | See: rainbow body. | ||
| Körper, subtiler | body, subtle | See: subtle body. | ||
| Körper, subtilster | body, subtlest | See: subtlest body. | ||
| Körper, Vajra- | body, vajra | See: vajra-body. | ||
| Körper der erleuchtenden Formen | Corpus of Enlightening Forms | See: Corpus of Forms. | ||
| Körper der essentiellen Natur | Body of Essential Nature | See: Corpus of Essential Nature. | ||
| Körper der essentiellen Natur | Corpus of Essential Nature | (1) In the Gelug non-Kalachakra system, the voidness of a Buddha's omniscient mind and its state of being parted from the two sets of obscurations. (2) In the Gelug Kalachakra system, the blissful awareness aspect of a Buddha's omniscient mind. (3) In the Non-Gelug systems, the inseparability of all the Corpuses of a Buddha - equivalent to the inseparability of the two truths. Also called: Body of Essential Nature, Nature Body. | ngo-bo-nyid sku | svabhavakaya |
| Körper der Formen | Corpus of Forms | A network of forms in which a Buddha appears in order to benefit others. It includes both the subtle forms of a Corpus of Full Use and the grosser forms of a Corpus of Emanations, Also called: Corpus of Enlightening Forms, Form Body, Body of Forms. | gzugs-sku | rupakaya |
| Körper der großen Glückseligkeit | Body of Great Bliss | See: Corpus of Great Bliss. | ||
| Körper des tiefen allumfassenden Gewahrseins | Body of Deep Awareness Encompassing Everything | See: Corpus of Deep Awareness' Encompassing Everything. | ||
| Körper des tiefen allumfassenden Gewahrseins | Corpus of Deep Awareness Encompassing Everything | The deep awareness aspect of a Buddha's mind, which is equally aware of the two truths simultaneously, without any break. Also called: Body of Deep Awareness Encompassing Everything, Deep Awareness Dharmakaya. Some translators render this term as "Wisdom Dharmakaya." | ye-shes chos-sku | jnana-dharmakaya |
| Körper des tiefen Gewahrseins erleuchtenden Einflusses | Body of Deep Awareness' Enlightening Influence | See: Corpus of Deep Awareness' Enlightening Influence. | ||
| Körper eines Buddha | Corpus of a Buddha | A network of enlightening features or aspects of a Buddha, such as those of a Buddha's body, speech, or mind, which are attained with enlightenment and which help to lead others to enlightenment. | sku | kaya |
| Körper eines Buddha, drei | Corpuses of a Buddha, Three | See: Three Corpuses of a Buddha. | ||
| Körper eines Buddha, fünf | Corpuses of a Buddha, Five | See: Five Corpuses of a Buddha. | ||
| Körper eines Buddha, vier | Corpuses of a Buddha, Four | See: Four Corpuses of a Buddha. | ||
| Körper eines Buddha, zwei | Corpuses of a Buddha, Two | See: Two Corpuses of a Buddha. | ||
| Körper großer Glückseligkeit | Corpus of Great Bliss | In the dzogchen system, the blissful awareness aspect of a Buddha's omniscient mind. | bde-ba chen-po'i sku | mahasukhakaya |
| körperliche Sensoren der Wahrnehmung | physical cognitive sensors | Out of the six cognitive sensors, the five that are forms of physical phenomena -- namely, (1) the photosensitive cells of the eyes, (2) the sound-sensitive cells of the ears, (3) the smell-sensitive cells of the nose, (4) the taste-sensitive cells of the tongue, and (5) the physical sensation-sensitive cells of the body. | ||
| körperliches Wesen | embodied being | A being with a limited body. Any being other than a Buddha. Synonymous with "limited being," "sentient being." | lus-can | dehin |
| Körpermandala | body mandala | A network of Buddha-figures arranged inside the body of a Buddha-figure. | lus-dkyil | |
| Körper manifester Erleuchtung | Body of Manifest Enlightenment | See: Corpus of Manifest Enlightenment. | ||
| Körper manifester Erleuchtung | Corpus of Manifest Enlightenment | According to some dzogchen systems, the appearance-making aspect of the deep awareness of a Buddha's pure appearance. In other words, the appearance-making aspect of a Buddha's omniscient mind. | mngon-byang-gi sku | abhisambhodhikaya |
| Körper tiefen Gewahrseins erleuchtenden Einflusses | Corpus of Deep Awareness' Enlightening Influence | In some dzogchen systems, the spontaneous, effortless positive influence that a Buddha's omniscient mind exerts on others. Also called: Body of Deep Awareness' Enlightening Influence. Some translators render the term as "Wisdom Activity Body." | ye-shes 'phrin-las sku | |
| Körper vollen Gebrauchs | Body of Full Use | See: Corpus of Full Use. | ||
| Körper vollen Gebrauchs | Corpus of Full Use | (1) According to sutra, the network of subtle forms, which make full use of the Mahayana teachings, and in which a Buddha appears in order to teach arya bodhisattvas. (2) According to non-Kalachakra anuttarayoga tantra, the network of all the speech of a Buddha. (3) According to Kalachakra, the network of both the subtle forms and the speech of a Buddha. Also called Body of Full Use. Some translators render this term as "Enjoyment Body." Alternative Tibetan: longs-sku. | longs-spyod rdzogs-pa'i sku | sambhogakaya |
| Körper vollen Gebrauchs | Corpus of Full Use | See: Corpus of Full Use, Tib. longs-spyod rdzogs-pa'i sku | longs-sku | sambhogakaya |
| Kraft, karmische | force, karmic | See: karmic force. | ||
| Kraft, positive | force, positive | See: positive karmic force. | ||
| Kräfte, außerphysische | powers, extraphysical | See: extraphysical emanations. | ||
| Kräfte, außersinnliche | powers, extrasensory | See: advanced awareness. | ||
| kraftvolle Gottheit | forceful deity | An emanation of a Buddha in a form of great strength, usually surrounded by flames representing deep awareness, and terrifying, so as to chase away disturbing emotions, interferences, and other harm. Often translated by others as "wrathful deity," although there is no connotation here of "wrath" as in "the wrath of God." Although the Sanskrit and Tibetan terms, here, mean literally "angry," this does not refer to anger as a disturbing emotion, but rather to the strong force of anger to get rid of something detrimental to spiritual well-being and progress. | khro-bo | kroddha |
| kreative Energietropfen | creative energy-drops | Subtle forms of pure essence, found in the subtle energy-channels of the subtle body and which, through anuttarayoga complete stage practice, can function as the seed for generating of a blissful awareness. | thig-le | bindu |
| kreative Tropfen, subtile | creative drops, subtle | See: creative energy-drops. | ||
| künstlich | artificial | See: contrived. | ||
| künstlich / gekünstelt | contrived | A state of mind mentally constructed through conceptual thought, such as by going through a line of reasoning. Also translated as "artificial." Alternative Tibetan: bcos-ma. | bcos-ma | |
| kurzlebige, hocherregte Entsagung | short-lived all-exited renunciation | The enthusiastic and fanatic giving up of everything worldly, often based on blind faith that an external source will save us. | sna-thung spu-sud-kyi nges-'byung |